Holden Caulfield Is an Island Essay Example for Free

Holden Caulfield Is an Island Essay John Donne’s quote, ‘No man is an island’ connects quite directly to Holden Caulfield in ‘The Catcher in the Rye. ’ Holden’s character is very relative to themes such as isolation, loneliness and non-conformity. Holden has a very distinct character; he has many features, which would describe him as quite a lonely, cynical young man. It is evident that a past of his has had such an effect on him that the adolescence he has become quite a rocky journey for him; the death of his brother Allie, and the suicide of one of his schoolmates included. How is Holden Caulfield an island? Well, the quote itself – ‘No man is an island’ – can be interpreted that no man will thrive in isolation, such as an island. Holden has isolated himself from the conforming ways of society. This explains why he finds it so hard to be close to people, and why people find it so hard to get close to him; because he is so different. Holden’s character can be described as one that is flying off the rails. Some events throughout the novel regarding alcohol and drugs, relationships and Holden’s whereabouts show that he is simply trying to be something he isn’t. Holden Caulfield is an island, throughout the novel, a word to describe him best would be ‘alone. ’ Those who attempt to help him, guide him and be there for him, such as Spencer and Mr. Antolini, generally fail as Holden makes a quick escape from their guiding hands. In some ways, Holden can be seen as a hero. It is much harder to go against the grain alone, than to follow along in the footsteps of others. Holden can be understood as a leader, rather than a follower. Although his purpose is not quite evident, his journey is still worth so much. Holden’s personality includes features, which define him as a very judgmental person. He often uses the term ‘phoney’ to describe people who aren’t true to themselves and who according to him, squeezing into a certain cut out. Holden is very set in his ways, and will generally not take on the opinion of anyone else, and will stick to his own very closely. An example of Holden preferring to be alone is when he informs his sister that he will be leaving home. He organizes a meeting with her before he leaves. She arrives with her belongings and asks to go with him. It is not that Holden loses his temper, and refuses to take her along. After Holden leaves Pencey Prep at the beginning of the novel, he makes the decision to find his way around Manhattan alone, with out telling his parents; for a few days before he is due back home. To most sixteen year old teenagers, to make this decision would be a big move, but to Holden, a stunt like this doesn’t concern him. This just shows how far he goes to prove himself to be an individual, who can take care of himself, Holden feels he doesn’t need anyone but himself, as he is left alone by the end of the story. Throughout the novel, is it clear that the story is about Holden’s journey, and Holden Caulfield being an island. The events and occurrences that happen to Holden along the way prove this statement to be true. Holden has a very strong character, that of which he remains tough; he does his own thing, in his own way; without the need for approval from anyone. Holden Caulfield has isolated himself from the conforming ways of society. Therefore, Holden Caulfield is an Island.

In Love With Shakespeare :: Poetry Literature Papers

In Love With Shakespeare "About any one so great as Shakespeare, it is probable that we can never be right; and if we can never be right, it is better that we should from time to time change our way of being wrong." --T. S. Eliot (Eliot 107) Like all great artists, William Shakespeare is thoroughly conscious of his medium. His plays consistently call attention to the theatrical. "With Shakespeare the actable and the theatrical are always what come first" (Frye 5). In fact, the metaphor of performance is central to the Shakespearean canon. "When we are born we cry that we are come To this great stage of fools," Lear declares to Gloucester (IV.vi. 178-179). "All the world’s a stage, And all the men and women merely players; They have their exits and their entrances, And one man in his time plays many parts" (As You Like It, II.vii. 139-142). This self-referentiality reflects a concern that the audience not be passive in its participation, and that the boundaries of the theatrical experience not be restricted to the stage. Shakespeare layers connotations and meanings into his plays that reward the self-conscious auditor. Though much of our modern entertainment seeks to make the auditor oblivious of the medium, Shakespeare’s plays demand a sophisticated self-consciousness on the audience’s part. Part of the pleasure of viewing a Shakespearean play such as A Midsummer Night’s Dream is in recognizing the irony of its self-contained mini-dramas. In the "Pyramus and Thisbe" scene, Shakespeare satirizes theatrical convention. At the same time, however, he satirizes the naivetà © of the audience that doubts the transforming power of the imagination. As Shakespeare continually points out, the acts of performing and viewing are not confined to the theatre. Life reflects the theatre just as the theatre reflects life. Furthermore, when taken seriously, great theatre can change its audience. For this reason, Shakespeare seeks to make viewing a conscious act. The full benefit of the theatrical experience is felt only when the auditor recognizes his role. Clearly, in Shakespeare’s view, life is very much like a play. For one thing, all human beings are actors, or as Hegel says, "free artists of themselves" (Bloom 6). As "real" as we perceive ourselves to be, Shakespeare’s great characters demonstrate that personal identity is an assumed role, a fabrication. We are all playing characters. When the mad and weather-beaten King Lear declares himself "every inch a king," his exclamation is a melancholy reminder that power and authority are based upon image and ceremony.

Evaluating the Research Process Essay

Remote communities face several challenges concerning health care. For instance, communication with health care professionals, transportation, availability of doctors, and shortage of doctors. Literature review to identify and review new methods of improving access to health, quality of care, and improving the effectiveness of delivering health care services in remote Alaskan villages. MEDLINE, EMBASE, and CINAHL databases that index health research were used along with Artic health databases. Abstracts and full articles were reviewed and categorized into four sections. Organizational structure of health services, Telehealth, E-health, and medical transportation. â€Å"Despite the challenges facing rural and remote regions, there is a distinctly positive message from this broad literature review. Evidence-based initiatives exist across a range of areas – which include operational efficiency and integration, access to care, organizational structure, public health, continuing education and workforce composition that have the potential to positively impact health care quality and health-related outcomes† (Masucci, Mitton, & Dionne, 2011). The literature review did not identify any past research associated with new ideas to improve access, quality, and efficiency in the organizational structures and delivery of health care services in northern rural and remote and rural populations. This review was directed toward the redesign of health care systems in Nunavut territory in Canada. When conducting research in an academic or professional setting, it is important to display ethical responsibility throughout the research study. For instance, Researchers conducting the study and collecting data should obtain permission from individuals who are involved in the study in any way. Researchers must ensure subjects involved in the study are not in any physical or emotional harm, such as asking difficult questions or using insensitive words. One very important consideration for researchers to remember when conducting any form of data collection is to be sure to maintain their own personal biases and opinions so they do not get in the way of the research. Research such as questionaries’ or observations should be conducted under the assumption that findings are kept anonymous. It is important to let the research subject know whether the research results will be anonymous or not. Research subjects should be chosen based on what and who will be most beneficial to  the research. And last, when reporting results from the research study the results must be accurately represented from what he or she was told or what you observed. For example, do not discuss parts of observations without putting them in appropriate context. Research has found that telehealth and ehealth has been effective in providing information of health professions with educational opportunities to in these rural populations that would not have been provided without telehealth and ehealth. Therefore, telehelath and ehealth system have a significant impact on improving access and quality care. The research also identified the use of medical air transport when needed services are not available as well as transportation to and from rural and remote regions. The study affirmed the importance of medical air transport in rural and remote regions while indicating such concerns are not unusual. Second, there are no evidence-based guidelines indicating which services to provide in local regions as opposed to having access by medical air transport or procedures in selecting which patients to select for emergency are transported. Currently no framework exists to determine the over or underutilization of medical air transport. Researchers found that the regions with the largest potential impact in remote regions are public health where several programs have been implemented, and analyzed indicating high degree of success. For example, health promotion programs such as alcohol and smoking cessation, obesity, exercise, dental care, hygiene, and suicide prevention. The literature strongly indicates these programs have positive impacts. Therefore, the regions in the research study have opportunity to improve the delivery and organization structure of health care services. This particular research study was not a systematic review. According to Masucci, Mitton, and Dionne (2011) â€Å"The purpose of the article was not to find literature on a wide range of topics but rather to find exemplary articles that could speak to the topics at hand. However, the caution is that while we attempted to provide both sides of any given story, in some cases important papers may have been missed which could suggest important alternative courses of action.† (p. 470). The research team relied on an advisory board that gave advice on their work. Review of only found positive solutions in which history politics, structures, and behavior contribute to improvement the key factor is action ability. This information will be crucial to enhancing care in the targeted regions as well as other  remote and rural regions nationwide. The research study identifies several challenges that northern rural remote regions face. The literature review found several evidence based initiative from operational efficiency, integration, applying telehealth, applying ehealth, organizational structure, public health, continuing education, and workforce composition have potential to have a positive impact on health outcomes in rural and remote northern regions. The only area of research that indicated not to have a positive impact was medical air transport indicating further research is needed. The research study has provided an extensive survey from literate regarding innovations in the organizational structure and delivery of health serveries in northern rural and remote regions. This study did not find any conflicts of interest regarding the improvement of health care in these rural and remote regions. Specific ideas and strategies found to improving access, quality, and efficiency in the organization structure and delivery of health care services in rural and remote northern regions are palliative model, which performed most effective for patients on weekly case conferences, on-call nursing, patient held records, shared protocols, and procedures. Reference: Masucci, L., Mitton, C., & Dionne, F. (2011). ) Innovations in health service organization and delivery in northern rural and remote regions: a review of the literature. International Journal of Circumpolar Health, 70(5), 460-472.

Physiology Dissertations - Sahiwal Cattle Breed - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1712 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Introduction A significant national genetic resource of Pakistan is the Sahiwal cattle breed. Originated and developed in Pakistan, this breed is now reported to be present in 29 countries (FAO, 2007). Population of this breed is diminishing because of intensive crossbreeding for dairying which remains a main threat to its survival (Payne and Hodges, 1997). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Physiology Dissertations Sahiwal Cattle Breed" essay for you Create order It is necessary to improve fertility rates in our national breeds, by the use of insemination with frozen-thawed semen (Barbas and Mascarenhas, 2009). This tropical dairy breed can be preserved through the conservation of its germplasm. Germplasm that have applications in agriculture, aquaculture, biotechnology and conservation of threatened species can be preserved by cryopreservation (Andrabi and Maxwell, 2007). The development of reproductive techniques, such as artificial insemination (AI) and in vitro fertilization can be achieved by sperm cryopreservation (Medeiros et al., 2002). The cryopreservation of semen is a renowned industry worldwide, for agriculturally important animals, mainly for dairy cattle (Bailey, J. et al., 2000). Cryopreservation of spermatozoa is correlated with an oxidative stress (Salvador et al., 2006) due to the production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) by malfunctioning and dead spermatozoa (Bailey et al., 2000), which eventually leads to membrane lipid peroxidation. Sperm cells are extremely prone to lipid peroxidation because their membranes are rich in unsaturated fatty acids and they have fewer amounts of antioxidants in their cytoplasm (Sinha et al., 1996). The most common ROS are superoxide (O2-). anion, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), peroxyl (ROO-). radicals, and the very reactive hydroxyl (OH-). radicals, nitric oxide and peroxynitrite anion (Sikka, 1996). At physiological concentrations, ROS play vital roles during normal sperm function, together with hyperactivation, capacitation and the acrosome reaction, and zona binding (De Lamirande et al., 1997). On the other hand, during cryopreservation increased generation of ROS is associated with harm to chromatin, proteins and membranes of sperm (Ball, 2008),early capacitation of sperm (Neild et al., 2003 D.M. Neild, B.M. Gadella, M.G. Chaves, M.H. Miragaya, B. Colenbrander and A. Aguero, Membrane changes during different stages of a freezethaw protocol for equine semen cryopreservation, Theriogenology 59 (2003), pp. 16931705. Article | PDF (279 K) | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (24)Neild et al., 2003). Semen represents a complex redox system that combines the antioxidant potential of seminal plasma and spermatozoa with the pro-oxidant potential of sperm through the production of ROS. Enzymatic antioxidant defense mechanisms in seminal plasma and spermatozoa contain catalase, glutathione reductase, gluthathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase. Among non-enzymatic antioxidants there are reduced glutathione (GSH), urate, ubiquinones, Vitamin E, taurine, hypotaurine, carotenoids, and ascorbic acid. The interaction of antioxidant and prooxidant mechanisms in semen determines the in general rate of lipid peroxidation in sperm (Gadea, J. et al., 2004). In present years, antioxidants in extenders have been used to save spermatozoa from the harmful effects of cryopreservation and free radicals are reduced by antioxidant systems (Baumber et al., 2000). Ascorbic acid, a foremost water soluble antioxidant, acts as a scavenger for a extensive range of ROS. Until now, Ascorbic acid has not been used in semen extenders to examine its influence on the cryopreservation of Sahiwal bull spermatozoa. The objective of present study is to evaluate the effect of Ascorbic acid supplementation in diluent on post thaw quality of Sahiwal bull spermatozoa. Review of Literature In various studies, it has been observed that addition of antioxidants in the extender to preserve unfrozen semen increases sperm quality by controlling oxidation. Uysal et al. (2007) demonstrated that during semen cryopreservation attempts, addition of various antioxidants in different concentrations in extender showed beneficial effects on the quality of bull semen after freezing-thawing proess. Inclusion of natural antioxidants such as a-tocopherol and ascorbate had a protective effect on metabolic activity and cellular viability of cryopreserved bovine sperm (Beconi et al., 1991; Beconi et al., 1993). In vitro studies strongly suggest that the antioxidant effect of ascorbate is related to direct vitamin E regeneration by reducing the tocopheroxyl radical in the one-electron redox cycle (Dalvit et al., 1998). Similarly, Raina et al. (2002) found that incorporation of vitamin C or E in TCA based extender improved the motility of liquid buffalo bull semen. Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) may act as an oxidant at low concentrations and as an antioxidant at high concentrations (Breininger et al., 2005). Ascorbic acid, at a concentration of 5 mM in the freezing diluent acts as an antioxidant during freezing and thawing of bovine spermatozoa (Beconi et al., 1993). Singh et al. (1996) studied effect of vitamin C addition in the diluent on the quality of deep frozen Murrah buffalo bull (Bubalus bubalis) semen. They concluded that insertion of ascorbic acid (2.5mM) in the semen diluent produced significantly higher post-thawing sperm motility (37.5 vs. 46.25%) and percentage of live spermatozoa (58.12 vs. 67.58%) compared with untreated controls. Aurich et al., 1997 J.E. Aurich, U. Schonherr, H. Hoppe and C. Aurich, Effects of antioxidants on motility and membrane integrity of chilled-stored stallion semen, Theriogenology 48 (1997), pp. 185192. Article | PDF (558 K) | View Record in Scopus | Cited By in Scopus (41)Aurich et al. (1997) observed a positive effect of addition of ascorbic acid on preservation of membrane integrity of cooled equine sperm. Verma and Kanwar (1998) stated that Ascorbic acid when added in the semen is known to improve the post-thaw motility and feasibility of bull and buffalo sperm. Salem et al. (2001) studied the protective role of ascorbic acid to enhance semen quality of rabbits treated with sublethal doses of aflatoxin B1. Treatment with ascorbic acid increased (P0.05) live body weight (LBW), dry matter intake (DMI), relative testes weight (RTW), serum testosterone concentration, improved semen characteristics. Results showed the useful effects of ascorbic acid in decreasing the negative effects of aflatoxin B1 on production and reproduction of male rabbits. Andrabi et al. (2008) examined the effect of non-enzymatic antioxidants (vitamins C or E) in tris-citric acid (TCA) extenders on post-thaw motility, membrane integrity, and morphology of buffalo bull spermatozoa. In their study, the inclusion of nonenzymatic antioxidants (vitamin C or E) in the cryodiluent improved the motility of buffalo spermatozoa at 0 and 6 h after thawing and incubation (37C). Paudel et al. (2008) assessed the usefulness of ascorbic acid, catalase, chlorpromazine and their mixtures in reducing the cryodamages to crossbred bull (Bos taurus Bos indicus) spermatozoa. It was inferred that addition of ascorbic acid, catalase and ascorbic acid + chlorpromazine in semen extender enhanced the post-thaw semen quality in crossbred bulls. Michael (2008) studied the effect of different concentrations of vitamin C in semen extenders on post thaw quality of dog spermatozoa. He concluded that addition of vitamin C to semen extenders does not improve the quality of extended canine semen preserved at 4 C. Yoshimoto, T. (2008) evaluated that the post-thaw qualities of fragile Agu sperm can be improved by the addition of ascorbic acid 2-O--glucoside (AA-2G), a stable ascorbate derivative to the freezing extender. Among the concentrations tested treatment with 200M AA-2G has the most valuable effect on the sperm motility and the plasmalemma integrity after cryopreservation Materials and Methods Experimental extenders Tris-citric acid (TCA) containing 1.56 g citric acid (Merck, Germany) and 3.0 g tris(hydroxymethyl)- aminomethane (Sigma, USA) in 74 ml distilled water was used as a buffer for the experimental extenders. The pH of buffer was 7.00 and the osmotic pressure was 320 mOsmol/Kg. Egg yolk (20% vol/vol), fructose (0.2%; wt/vol; Riedel-DeHaen, Switzerland), glycerol (7%; vol/vol; Merck, Germany), benzyl penicillin (1000 I.U/ml; Hebei, China) and streptomycin sulphate (1000 g/ml; Sigma, USA) were added to each of the three experimental extenders (Andrabi et al., 2008). The first extender contained vitamin C (TCAC) as sodium ascorbate (Sigma, USA), which was added at the rate of 5 mM (Beconi et al., 1993; Raina et al., 2002). The second extender contained vitamin E (TCAE) available as -tocopherol acetate (Sigma, USA), added at the rate of 1 mg/ml (Beconi et al., 1993; Raina et al., 2002). The third extender did not contain any antioxidant and served as control (TCAN). Aliquots of each extender were stored frozen at -20C and thawed before use. Semen collection Ejaculates were collected by artificial vagina 42C from three adult Nili-Ravi buffalo bulls (Bubalus bubalis) of known fertility. The bulls were kept under uniform feeding and handling conditions during the entire study. Ejaculates were collected at weekly intervals for a period of 5 weeks (replicates; n = 5). The frequency of collection from each bull was two ejaculates on one day each week. Visual motility of each ejaculate was assessed at 37C using a phase contrast microscope (X 400; Leica, Leitz Wetzlar, Germany) observed on closed circuit television by two operators. Progressive motility of spermatozoa was assessed to the nearest 5%. Sperm concentration was assessed by digital photometry (Dr. Lange LP 300 SDM, Minitub, Germany) at 546 nm. Ejaculates containing more than 70% progressively motile spermatozoa and 0.5109 spermatozoa/ml were pooled in order to have sufficient semen for a replicate (Rasul et al., 2000, 2001; Andrabi et al., 2008). At least one ejaculate on every collection from each bull did qualify for freezing. Semen cryopreservation Buffalo bull semen was cryopreserved according to Rasul et al. (2000). After a holding time of 15 min at 37C, three aliquots of semen were diluted (37C) in a single step with one of the three experimental extenders to a concentration of 50106 motile spermatozoa/ml. After dilution, the semen was cooled to 4C in 2 hours and equilibrated for 4 h at 4C. Precooled 0.5 ml straws were then filled with the cooled semen at 4C in the cold cabinet unit (Minitub, Germany) and frozen in a programmable cell freezer (KRYO 10 series III, UK) from 4C to -15C at the rate of 3C/minute and from -15C to -80C at the rate of 0C/minute. Straws were then plunged into liquid nitrogen (-196C) for storage. After 24 h storage, semen straws were thawed at 37C for 30 seconds. Post-thaw spermatozoal evaluation Visual motility The motility of spermatozoa was assessed at 0 and 6 h post-thaw. Thawed semen sample was placed on a pre-warmed glass slide and cover-slipped. Visual motility of spermatozoa was assessed at 37C using phase contrast microscope observed on closed circuit television by two operators. Statistical analysis Results are presented as means SD. Effect of non-enzymatic antioxidants for different variables was analyzed by the analysis of variance (ANOVA). When the Fratio was significant (P0.05), Tukeys Honestly significant difference was used to compare the treatment means (SYSTAT, 1996).